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PHP测试驱动开发与PHPUnit实践

news 2026/6/13 18:59:40

PHP测试驱动开发与PHPUnit实践

测试是保证代码质量的重要手段。PHPUnit是PHP最流行的测试框架，今天从基础到高级用法都说一遍。

先安装PHPUnit。用Composer安装很方便，composer require --dev phpunit/phpunit。写一个最简单的测试类：

```php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class MathTest extends TestCase
{
public function testAddition(): void
{
$result = 1 + 1;
$this->assertEquals(2, $result);
}

public function testStringConcatenation(): void
{
$result = 'Hello' . ' ' . 'World';
$this->assertEquals('Hello World', $result);
}

public function testArrayPush(): void
{
$arr = [];
array_push($arr, 'item');
$this->assertCount(1, $arr);
$this->assertContains('item', $arr);
}
}
?>
```

测试真实业务类的时候，需要用到setUp方法初始化测试环境。

```php
// 被测试的类
class Calculator
{
public function add(float $a, float $b): float
{
return $a + $b;
}

public function subtract(float $a, float $b): float
{
return $a - $b;
}

public function multiply(float $a, float $b): float
{
return $a * $b;
}

public function divide(float $a, float $b): float
{
if ($b === 0.0) {
throw new InvalidArgumentException('除数不能为0');
}
return $a / $b;
}

public function factorial(int $n): int
{
if ($n < 0) {
throw new InvalidArgumentException('负数没有阶乘');
}
if ($n <= 1) return 1;
return $n * $this->factorial($n - 1);
}

public function isPrime(int $n): bool
{
if ($n < 2) return false;
for ($i = 2; $i <= sqrt($n); $i++) {
if ($n % $i === 0) return false;
}
return true;
}
}

class CalculatorTest extends TestCase
{
private Calculator $calculator;

protected function setUp(): void
{
$this->calculator = new Calculator();
}

public function testAdd(): void
{
$this->assertEquals(5, $this->calculator->add(2, 3));
$this->assertEquals(0, $this->calculator->add(-2, 2));
$this->assertEquals(5.5, $this->calculator->add(2.5, 3.0));
}

public function testDivide(): void
{
$this->assertEquals(2, $this->calculator->divide(10, 5));
$this->assertEquals(3.33, $this->calculator->divide(10, 3), '', 0.01);
}

public function testDivideByZero(): void
{
$this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
$this->expectExceptionMessage('除数不能为0');
$this->calculator->divide(10, 0);
}

public function testFactorial(): void
{
$this->assertEquals(1, $this->calculator->factorial(0));
$this->assertEquals(1, $this->calculator->factorial(1));
$this->assertEquals(2, $this->calculator->factorial(2));
$this->assertEquals(120, $this->calculator->factorial(5));
}

public function testFactorialNegative(): void
{
$this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
$this->calculator->factorial(-1);
}

public function testIsPrime(): void
{
$this->assertTrue($this->calculator->isPrime(2));
$this->assertTrue($this->calculator->isPrime(3));
$this->assertFalse($this->calculator->isPrime(4));
$this->assertTrue($this->calculator->isPrime(5));
$this->assertFalse($this->calculator->isPrime(9));
$this->assertTrue($this->calculator->isPrime(11));
$this->assertFalse($this->calculator->isPrime(1));
}
}
?>
```

数据提供器可以用不同的参数多次执行同一个测试：

```php
class DataProviderTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* @dataProvider additionProvider
*/
public function testAdd(int $a, int $b, int $expected): void
{
$result = (new Calculator())->add($a, $b);
$this->assertEquals($expected, $result);
}

public static function additionProvider(): array
{
return [
'正数相加' => [1, 2, 3],
'负数相加' => [-1, -2, -3],
'正负相加' => [5, -3, 2],
'零相加' => [0, 5, 5],
'大数相加' => [1000000, 2000000, 3000000],
];
}

/**
* @dataProvider primeProvider
*/
public function testIsPrime(int $number, bool $expected): void
{
$this->assertEquals($expected, (new Calculator())->isPrime($number));
}

public static function primeProvider(): array
{
return [
[2, true],
[3, true],
[4, false],
[5, true],
[6, false],
[7, true],
[8, false],
[9, false],
[11, true],
[13, true],
];
}
}
?>
```

测试依赖注入和模拟对象：

```php
interface MailerInterface
{
public function send(string $to, string $subject, string $body): bool;
}

class UserService2
{
private MailerInterface $mailer;
private array $users = [];

public function __construct(MailerInterface $mailer)
{
$this->mailer = $mailer;
}

public function register(string $name, string $email): array
{
$user = [
'id' => count($this->users) + 1,
'name' => $name,
'email' => $email,
'created_at' => new DateTime(),
];

$this->users[] = $user;

$this->mailer->send($email, '欢迎注册', "Hello $name!");

return $user;
}

public function getUser(int $id): ?array
{
foreach ($this->users as $user) {
if ($user['id'] === $id) return $user;
}
return null;
}
}

class UserServiceTest extends TestCase
{
public function testRegister(): void
{
$mailer = $this->createMock(MailerInterface::class);
$mailer->expects($this->once())
->method('send')
->with(
$this->equalTo('user@test.com'),
$this->stringContains('欢迎'),
$this->anything()
)
->willReturn(true);

$service = new UserService2($mailer);
$user = $service->register('张三', 'user@test.com');

$this->assertArrayHasKey('id', $user);
$this->assertEquals('张三', $user['name']);
$this->assertEquals('user@test.com', $user['email']);
}

public function testGetUser(): void
{
$mailer = $this->createMock(MailerInterface::class);
$mailer->method('send')->willReturn(true);

$service = new UserService2($mailer);
$service->register('张三', 'a@test.com');
$service->register('李四', 'b@test.com');

$user = $service->getUser(1);
$this->assertNotNull($user);
$this->assertEquals('张三', $user['name']);

$this->assertNull($service->getUser(999));
}
}
?>
```

测试有副作用的代码需要模拟外部依赖：

```php
class DatabaseRepository
{
private PDO $pdo;

public function __construct(PDO $pdo)
{
$this->pdo = $pdo;
}

public function findUser(int $id): ?array
{
$stmt = $this->pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?');
$stmt->execute([$id]);
$result = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
return $result ?: null;
}

public function saveUser(string $name, string $email): int
{
$stmt = $this->pdo->prepare('INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (?, ?)');
$stmt->execute([$name, $email]);
return (int)$this->pdo->lastInsertId();
}
}

class DatabaseRepositoryTest extends TestCase
{
public function testFindUser(): void
{
$pdo = $this->createMock(PDO::class);
$stmt = $this->createMock(PDOStatement::class);

$pdo->method('prepare')->willReturn($stmt);
$stmt->method('execute')->willReturn(true);
$stmt->method('fetch')->willReturn([
'id' => 1,
'name' => '张三',
'email' => 'test@test.com',
]);

$repo = new DatabaseRepository($pdo);
$user = $repo->findUser(1);

$this->assertNotNull($user);
$this->assertEquals('张三', $user['name']);
}

public function testFindUserNotFound(): void
{
$pdo = $this->createMock(PDO::class);
$stmt = $this->createMock(PDOStatement::class);

$pdo->method('prepare')->willReturn($stmt);
$stmt->method('execute')->willReturn(true);
$stmt->method('fetch')->willReturn(false);

$repo = new DatabaseRepository($pdo);
$this->assertNull($repo->findUser(999));
}
}
?>

PHPUnit的常用断言：
- assertEquals: 检查是否相等
- assertSame: 检查是否全等（===）
- assertNull/assertNotNull: 检查null
- assertTrue/assertFalse: 检查布尔值
- assertCount: 检查数组长度
- assertContains: 检查是否包含
- assertEmpty: 检查是否为空
- assertInstanceOf: 检查类型

测试不只是为了找bug，更重要的是让你敢重构。有测试覆盖的代码，改起来底气足很多。